# Carbon standards (Verra, Gold Standard) > Carbon standards are programmes that set rules and methodologies for quantifying, monitoring, verifying and issuing carbon credits from emission reduction or removal projects. Major independent standards include Verra's Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) and Gold Standard, which also address sustainable development impacts. Also known as: VCS, Verra, Gold Standard, carbon crediting programme, voluntary carbon market ## Why does it matter? Credits and claims are only as credible as the standard behind them. Standards define what counts as a tonne reduced or removed, how it must be measured, and who checks it. For agri-food companies, they also provide frameworks for [insetting](/glossary/carbon-insetting/) programmes, even when credits are not issued. ## How does it work? A typical project cycle: 1. **Design**: choose a methodology, define boundaries, baseline and additionality. 2. **Validation**: an independent body reviews the design. 3. **Registration** with the standard. 4. **Implementation and monitoring** following the monitoring plan, the [MRV](/glossary/mrv/) step. 5. **Verification** of results by an accredited body. 6. **Issuance** of credits into a registry, with serial numbers to prevent double counting. Key concepts include additionality, permanence (for removals, the risk of reversal and buffer pools), leakage, and safeguards for communities. ## Common pitfalls - Choosing a methodology whose data requirements the project cannot meet at farm level. - Weak participation agreements with farmers. - Overestimating removals from young trees with low [survival](/glossary/tree-survival-rate/). - Using credits and insetting claims for the same tonnes. Farmer1st provides the farmer registry, plot data and monitoring that carbon projects need, through its [carbon](/services/carbon/) service. ## Frequently asked questions ### What does a carbon standard require for an agroforestry project? Typically an approved methodology, a baseline, demonstration of additionality, a monitoring plan, measures for permanence and leakage, safeguards for communities, and periodic verification by an accredited third party before credits are issued. ### Can smallholder projects qualify? Yes. Standards allow grouped projects that aggregate many farms. They require robust farm-level data, clear participation agreements and benefit-sharing, which makes first-mile data quality central. ## Sources - [Verra, Verified Carbon Standard](https://verra.org/programs/verified-carbon-standard/) - [Gold Standard](https://www.goldstandard.org/) - [UNFCCC, Measurement, reporting and verification (REDD+)](https://unfccc.int/topics/land-use/workstreams/redd/mrv)